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express traffic

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1 express traffic

express traffic VERK Straßenschnellverkehr m

English-German dictionary of Architecture and Construction > express traffic
2 express traffic
1. движение скоростное
движение скоростное
Движение транспортных средств с минимальным количеством задержек и с максимально допустимыми скоростями
[Терминологический словарь по строительству на 12 языках (ВНИИИС Госстроя СССР)]

Тематики
- транспорт в целом
EN
- express traffic
- high-speed traffic
DE
- Schnellverkehr
FR
- circulation rapide
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > express traffic
3 express traffic

= fast traffic скоростное движение транспорта

English-russian automobile dictionary > express traffic
4 express traffic

Автомобильный термин: скоростное движение транспорта

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > express traffic
5 express traffic

< traff> ■ Schnellverkehr m

English-german technical dictionary > express traffic
6 express traffic

hizli trafik

English to Turkish dictionary > express traffic
7 traffic

1) движение транспорта

2) перевозки

•

- city traffic
- container traffic
- cross traffic
- dense traffic
- express traffic
- fast traffic
- free traffic
- freight traffic
- goods traffic
- heavy traffic
- high-speed traffic
- intercity traffic
- interurban traffic
- oncoming traffic
- one-way traffic
- opposing traffic
- passenger traffic
- road traffic
- safety traffic
- single-lane traffic
- slow traffic
- slow-up traffic
- street traffic
- suburban traffic
- truck traffic
- two-way traffic
- urban traffic
* * *

• движение транспорта

• дорожное (уличное, железнодорожное) движение

English-russian automobile dictionary > traffic
8 express lane

специальная полоса дороги

tidal flow lane — полоса обратного движения

barrage lane — полоса движения огневого вала

edge of traffic lane — бровка полосы движения

middle traffic lane — средняя полоса движения

reversible lane — реверсивная полоса движения

English-Russian base dictionary > express lane
9 fast traffic

= express traffic

English-russian automobile dictionary > fast traffic
10 high-speed traffic
1. движение скоростное
движение скоростное
Движение транспортных средств с минимальным количеством задержек и с максимально допустимыми скоростями
[Терминологический словарь по строительству на 12 языках (ВНИИИС Госстроя СССР)]

Тематики
- транспорт в целом
EN
- express traffic
- high-speed traffic
DE
- Schnellverkehr
FR
- circulation rapide
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > high-speed traffic
11 heavy-traffic express arteries

магистрали интенсивного скоростного движения

Англо-русский словарь дорожника > heavy-traffic express arteries
12 air

eə
1. noun
1) (the mixture of gases we breathe; the atmosphere: Mountain air is pure.) aire

2) (the space above the ground; the sky: Birds fly through the air.) aire

3) (appearance: The house had an air of neglect.) aspecto

4) (a tune: She played a simple air on the piano.) aire

2. verb
1) (to expose to the air in order to dry or make more fresh etc: to air linen.) airear, ventilar

2) (to make known: He loved to air his opinions.) airear

•

- airbag
- airily
- airiness
- airing
- airless
- airy
- airborne
- air-conditioned
- air-conditioner
- air-conditioning
- aircraft
- aircraft carrier
- airfield
- air force
- air-gun
- air hostess
- air letter
- airlift
- airline
- airliner
- air-lock
- airmail
- airman
- air pollution
- airplane
- airport
- air-pump
- air-raid
- airship
- airtight
- airway
- on the air
- put on airs / give oneself airs

air¹ n aire

I need some fresh air necesito un poco de aire fresco

to travel by air viajar en avión

air² vb ventilar

I opened the window to air the room abrí la ventana para ventilar la habitación

air

tr[eə^SMALLr/SMALL]

noun

1 aire nombre masculino

■ open the window, we need air in here abre la ventana, necesitamos aire

■ they fly through the air vuelan por los aires

2 (feeling) aire nombre masculino

■ there's an air of mystery about her tiene un aire de misterio

3 (affectation) afectación nombre femenino

4 SMALLMUSIC/SMALL aire nombre masculino, tonada

transitive verb

1 (clothes) airear, orear

2 (room) ventilar

3 (opinions) airear

4 (knowledge) hacer alarde de

\

SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL

by air (send letter) por avión 2 (travel) en avión

(up) in the air sin decidir

■ nothing's been decided yet, it's still up in the air todavía no hay nada decidido, aún está en el aire

in the air en el ambiente

■ there's mistrust in the air hay un ambiente de desconfianza

to be walking on air estar en la gloria

to clear the air aclarar una situación

to put on airs presumir

air brake freno neumático

air hostess azafata

air lane ruta aérea

air letter aerograma nombre masculino

air pocket bache nombre masculino

air pressure presión nombre femenino atmosférica

air raid ataque nombre masculino aéreo

air rifle escopeta de aire comprimido, escopeta de balines

airs and graces presunción nombre femenino

air terminal terminal nombre femenino aérea

air traffic control control nombre masculino aéreo

air traffic controller controlador,-ra aéreo,-a

fresh air aire nombre masculino fresco

air ['ær] vt

1) : airear, ventilar

to air out a mattress: airear un colchón

2) express: airear, manifestar, comunicar

3) broadcast: transmitir, emitir

air n

1) : aire m

2) melody: aire m

3) appearance: aire m, aspecto m

4) airs npl

: aires mpl, afectación f

5)

by air bc} por avión (dícese de una carta), en avión (dícese de una persona)

6)

to be on the air : estar en el aire, estar emitiendo

air (Atmo sphere)

n.

• aire s.m.

• atmósfera s.f. (Characteristic)

n.

• aspecto s.m.

• parecer s.m.

• tonada s.f. (Meteorology)

n.

• viento s.m.

adj.

• aéreo, -a adj.

v.

• airear v.

• orear v.

• radiodifundir v.

• ventilar v.

er, eə(r)
I

noun

1) u aire m

to get some fresh air — tomar el fresco

the air was thick with smoke — la atmósfera estaba cargada de humo

to take to the air — alzar* or levantar el vuelo

to go by air — ir* en avión

a change of air — un cambio de aire(s)

to be in the air — ( hinted at) respirarse en el ambiente; (uncertain, undecided) estar* en el aire

revolution was in the air — corrían vientos de revolución

spring is in the air — se respiran aires primaverales

to be up in the air — \<\<plans\>\> estar* en el aire

to clear the air — \<\<talk/argument\>\> aclarar las cosas; ( lit) \<\<storm\>\> despejar el ambiente

to vanish o disappear into thin air — esfumarse, desaparecer*

to walk on air — estar* or sentirse* en las nubes; (before n) <route, attack> aéreo

air pressure — presión f atmosférica

2) u (Rad, TV)

to be on the air — estar* en el aire

to come o go on the air — salir* al aire

we go off the air at 12 — cerramos la emisión a las 12

3)

a) c (manner, look, atmosphere) aire m

an air of mystery — un aire de misterio

b) airs pl ( affectations) aires mpl

to put on/give oneself airs — darse* aires

airs and graces — afectación f

II
1.

transitive verb

1)

a) \<\<clothes/linen\>\> airear, orear; \<\<bed/room\>\> ventilar, airear

b) \<\<opinion/grievance\>\> manifestar*, ventilar; \<\<knowledge\>\> hacer* alarde de

2) ( broadcast) (AmE) \<\<program\>\> transmitir, emitir

2.

vi \<\<clothes/sheets\>\> airearse

[ɛǝ(r)]
1. N

1) (lit) aire m

I need some air! — ¡necesito un poco de aire!

• by air — [travel] en avión; [send] por avión, por vía aérea

• (seen) from the air — desde el aire

• to get some fresh air — tomar un poco el aire

• to throw sth (up) in or into the air — lanzar algo al aire

the balloon rose (up) in or into the air — el globo se elevó en el aire

• we let the air out of his tyres — le desinflamos las ruedas

• one can't live on air — no se puede vivir del aire

• the cold night air — el aire frío de la noche

• in the open air — al aire libre

• the air rang with their laughter — su risa resonaba en el aire

• the sea air — el aire del mar

• spring is in the air — ya se siente la primavera

• to take the air — † tomar el fresco, airearse

• to take to the air — [bird] alzar or levantar el vuelo; [plane] despegar

• to fly through the air — volar por el aire or por los aires

to be in the air —

it's still very much in the air — está todavía en el aire, todavía no es seguro

there's something in the air — se respira algo

to leave sth (hanging) in the air — dejar algo en el aire or pendiente

our plans are up in the air — nuestros planes están en el aire

- be walking or floating on air
breath 1., 2), change 1., 1), clear 4., 1), hot 4., thin 1., 9)
2) (Rad, TV)

• off air — fuera de antena

the argument continued off air — la discusión continuó fuera de antena

to go off (the) air — [broadcaster, station] cerrar la emisión; [programme] finalizar

• to be on (the) air — [programme, person] estar en el aire; [station] emitir, estar en el aire

we are on (the) air from six to seven — emitimos de seis a siete, estamos en el aire de seis a siete

the programme could be on (the) air within a year — el programa podría emitirse dentro de un año

you're on (the) air — estás en el aire, estamos emitiendo

would you be prepared to talk about it on (the) air? — ¿estaría dispuesto a hablar de ello durante la emisión del programa?, ¿estaría dispuesto a hablar de ello una vez estemos en el aire?

to go on (the) air — salir al aire

3) (=appearance, manner) aire m

he looked at me with an air of surprise — me miró con aire de sorpresa, me miró algo sorprendido

he has an air of importance — tiene cierto aire de importancia

• to give o.s. airs, put on airs — darse aires (de importancia)

• airs and graces — afectación fsing

4) (Mus) aire m

5) † (=breeze) brisa f

2. VT

1) (=ventilate) [+ room] ventilar, airear; [+ clothes, bed] airear, orear

2) (=make public) [+ idea, grievance] airear, hacer público

it gives them a chance to air their views — les da la oportunidad de airear or hacer públicos sus puntos de vista

he always has to air his knowledge in front of me — siempre tiene que hacer alarde de or lucir lo que sabe delante de mí

3) (US) (Rad, TV) [+ programme] emitir

4) (US) (=transport) transportar por avión, aerotransportar

3. VI

1) [clothes] airearse, orearse

I hung the blankets out to air — colgué las mantas fuera para que se aireasen or se oreasen

2) (US) (TV, Rad) [programme] emitirse

4.

CPD

air alert N — alerta f aérea

air ambulance N — (=plane) avión m sanitario, avión m ambulancia; (=helicopter) helicóptero m sanitario, helicóptero m ambulancia

air attack N — ataque m aéreo

air bag N — airbag m, bolsa f de aire

air base N — base f aérea

air bed N — colchón m inflable

air bladder N — (Zool) vejiga f natatoria

air brake N — (Aut, Rail) freno m neumático or de aire; (Aer) freno m aerodinámico

air brick N — ladrillo m de ventilación

air bridge N — puente m aéreo

air bubble N — burbuja f de aire

air burst N — explosión f en el aire

air cargo N — carga f aérea

air carrier N — aerolínea f

air chamber N — cámara f de aire

air chief marshal N — (Brit) comandante m supremo de las Fuerzas Aéreas

air commodore N — (Brit) general m de brigada aérea

air conditioner N — acondicionador m de aire

air conditioning N — aire m acondicionado

a cinema with air conditioning — un cine climatizado

air corridor N — pasillo m aéreo, corredor m aéreo

air cover N — (Mil) cobertura f aérea

air current N — corriente f de aire

air cushion N — (=inflatable cushion) almohada f inflable; (Aer) colchón m de aire

air cylinder N — bombona f de aire

air disaster N — catástrofe f aérea

air display N — exhibición f aérea, desfile m aéreo

air duct N — tubo m de aire, tubo m de ventilación

air express N — (US) avión m de carga

air fare N — tarifa f aérea, precio m del billete de avión

a 10% reduction in air fares — un descuento del 10% en las tarifas aéreas or los precios de los billetes de avión

I'll pay for the air fare — yo pagaré el billete de avión

air ferry N — transbordador m aéreo

air filter N — filtro m de aire

air force N — fuerzas fpl aéreas, ejército m del aire

air force base N — (esp US) base f aérea

Air Force One N — (US) avión m presidencial

air freight N — (=transport, charge) flete m aéreo; (=goods) carga f aérea

to send sth by air freight — transportar algo por avión

air freight terminal N — terminal f de mercancías (transportadas por aire)

air freshener N — ambientador m

air guitar N — guitarra f imaginaria

air gun N — (=pistol) pistola f de aire (comprimido); (=rifle) escopeta f de aire (comprimido)

air hole N — respiradero m

air hostess N — (Brit) azafata f, aeromoza f (LAm), cabinera f (Col)

air inlet N — entrada f de aire, toma f de aire

air intake N — (in engine) entrada f de aire, toma f de aire; (when breathing) aire m inhalado, capacidad f pulmonar

air lane N — pasillo m aéreo, corredor m aéreo

air letter N — aerograma m

air marshal N — (Brit) mariscal m del aire

air mass N — masa f de aire

air mattress N — colchón m inflable

air miles NPL — puntos mpl (acumulables para viajar)

air miss N — air-miss m, aproximación f peligrosa entre dos aviones

air pistol N — pistola f de aire comprimido

air pocket N — bolsa f de aire

air pollutant N — contaminante m atmosférico

air pollution N — contaminación f del aire, contaminación f atmosférica

air power N — fuerza f aérea

the use of air power — el uso de la fuerza aérea

air pressure N — presión f atmosférica

air pump N — bomba f de aire

air purifier N — purificador m de aire

air rage N — síndrome m del pasajero alborotador

air raid N — ataque m aéreo
air-raid
air rifle N — escopeta f de aire (comprimido)

air shaft N — pozo m de ventilación

air show N — (commercial) feria f de la aeronáutica; (=air display) exhibición f de acrobacia aérea

air shuttle N — puente m aéreo

air sock N — manga f (de viento)

air space N — espacio m aéreo

Spanish air space — espacio m aéreo español

air steward N — auxiliar m de vuelo

air stewardess N — auxiliar f de vuelo, azafata f

air strike N — ataque m aéreo

air superiority N — supremacía f aérea

air suspension N — (Aut) suspensión f neumática

air taxi N — aerotaxi m

air terminal N — terminal f (de aeropuerto)

air ticket N — billete m de avión

air time N — (Rad, TV) tiempo m en antena

air traffic N — tráfico m aéreo
air-traffic
air travel N — viajes mpl en avión

air valve N — respiradero m

air vent N — (in building) respiradero m; (in clothing) abertura f (en prenda de ropa) ; (on dryer) tobera f de aire caliente

air vice-marshall N — (Brit) general m de división de las Fuerzas Aéreas

air waybill N — hoja f de ruta aérea

* * *
[er, eə(r)]
I

noun

1) u aire m

to get some fresh air — tomar el fresco

the air was thick with smoke — la atmósfera estaba cargada de humo

to take to the air — alzar* or levantar el vuelo

to go by air — ir* en avión

a change of air — un cambio de aire(s)

to be in the air — ( hinted at) respirarse en el ambiente; (uncertain, undecided) estar* en el aire

revolution was in the air — corrían vientos de revolución

spring is in the air — se respiran aires primaverales

to be up in the air — \<\<plans\>\> estar* en el aire

to clear the air — \<\<talk/argument\>\> aclarar las cosas; ( lit) \<\<storm\>\> despejar el ambiente

to vanish o disappear into thin air — esfumarse, desaparecer*

to walk on air — estar* or sentirse* en las nubes; (before n) <route, attack> aéreo

air pressure — presión f atmosférica

2) u (Rad, TV)

to be on the air — estar* en el aire

to come o go on the air — salir* al aire

we go off the air at 12 — cerramos la emisión a las 12

3)

a) c (manner, look, atmosphere) aire m

an air of mystery — un aire de misterio

b) airs pl ( affectations) aires mpl

to put on/give oneself airs — darse* aires

airs and graces — afectación f

II
1.

transitive verb

1)

a) \<\<clothes/linen\>\> airear, orear; \<\<bed/room\>\> ventilar, airear

b) \<\<opinion/grievance\>\> manifestar*, ventilar; \<\<knowledge\>\> hacer* alarde de

2) ( broadcast) (AmE) \<\<program\>\> transmitir, emitir

2.

vi \<\<clothes/sheets\>\> airearse

English-spanish dictionary > air
13 travel

1. n путешествие

means of travel — средства передвижения

sea travel, travel by boat — морские путешествия

space travel — космические путешествия

tropical travel — путешествие в тропики

travel writing — книги о путешествиях

travel writer — автор книг о путешествиях

travel companion — спутник

lure of travel — заманчивость путешествий

singles travel — индивидуальное путешествие

air travel — путешествие по воздуху, самолётом

deep space travel — путешествие в открытом космосе

off-season travel — путешествие не в разгар сезона

2. n l

3. n поездки; странствия

travels abroad — заграничные поездки

travel plan — план поездки

group travel — групповая поездка

business travel — деловые поездки

essential travel — необходимые поездки

incentive group travel — групповая поездка со скидкой тарифа

4. n описание путешествий

a book of travels — книга о путешествиях

travel office — бюро путешествий

travel service — бюро путешествий

travel agencies — бюро путешествий

travel film — фильм о путешествиях

time travel — путешествие во времени

5. n движение; продвижение

the travel of satellites around the Earth — движение спутников вокруг Земли

6. n распространение

shock travel — распространение ударной волны

travel of flame — распространение пламени

boom travel — распространение звукового удара

travel time of wave — время распространения волны

rate of fire travel — скорость распространения пламени

7. n скорость

travel and nose are the most necessary qualifications of a dog — у собаки важнее всего скорость бега и чутьё

rate of travel — скорость подачи

travel speeds — скорость перемещения

cross travel rate — скорость поперечной подачи

travel count speed — оценка скорости перемещения

8. n движение, продвижение

9. n амер. уличное движение

10. n воен. перемещение цели

pen travel — перемещение стрелки прибора

x-y-z travel — перемещения по осям X Y Z

preselected travel — заданное перемещение

quill travel — перемещение гильзы шпинделя

adjustment travel — установочное перемещение

11. n воен. спец. подача; ход; длина хода

travel - out, direct rear-in — переход - вход без дохвата

shock strut impact travel — прямой ход амортизатора

injector plunger travel — ход толкателя клапана

travel limiter hook — захват ограничителя хода

travel - out, double rear-in — переход - вход

12. n воен. физ. пройденный путь

hitting travel — путь до точки встречи

13. v путешествовать

to travel a great deal — много путешествовать, объехать много стран

to travel the whole world — объехать весь мир

to travel first-class — путешествовать первым классом

to travel incognito — путешествовать под чужим именем

to travel an alias — путешествовать под чужим именем

to travel without a pilot — путешествовать без проводника

I always travel second — я всегда путешествую вторым классом

14. v ездить; ехать

to travel from one end of the city to the other — ездить с одного конца города на другой

to travel by train — ехать или ездить поездом

to travel by the underground — ездить в метро

to travel express — ехать курьерским поездом

to travel up-country — ехать в глубь страны

to travel third — ездить третьим классом

15. v ехать

certain roads can be travelled only on horseback — по некоторым дорогам можно ездить только верхом

to travel by express — ехать экспрессом

to travel dawk — ехать, на перекладных

travel hard — ехать в жестком вагоне

16. v проезжать, покрывать расстояние

that day we travelled 800 km — в тот день мы проехали 800 км

travel of contact — расстояние между контактами

17. v ездить в качестве коммивояжёра

to travel in carpets — торговать коврами

18. v перевозить

to travel cattle — перевозить скот

19. v перевозиться

cases which travel in freight cars — чемоданы, которые перевозятся в товарных вагонах

20. v допускать перевозку

21. v двигаться, передвигаться, перемещаться

a horse travelled slowly — лошадь шла медленно

many birds travel north in June — многие птицы в июне летят на север

22. v перемещаться, распространяться

light travels faster than sound — скорость света превышает скорость звука

bad news travels quickly — плохие вести быстро доходят ;

23. v перебирать

his mind travelled over recent events on — перебирал в памяти недавние события

24. v переходить от предмета к предмету

his eyes travelled over the enemy lines — он рассматривал вражеские позиции

travel check — дорожный чек

25. v разг. ехать с большой скоростью

this car can really travel — у этой машины скорость что надо

to sleep away the hours of travel — проспать всю дорогу

26. v вращаться, быть вхожим; принадлежать

to travel in wealthy circles — вращаться в богатом обществе, быть вхожим в круг богатых

27. v пастись, постепенно продвигаясь вперёд

делать пробежку

28. v диал. идти пешком

did you travel or come by boat? — ты пришёл пешком или приехал на лодке?

to travel north — идти к северу

to travel east — идти к востоку

Синонимический ряд:

1. journey (noun) expedition; journey; peregrination; peregrinations; travels; trek; trip

2. passage (noun) passage; transit

3. taking a trip (noun) being on the road; globe-trotting; going abroad; going on a cruise; making a voyage; seeing the world; space travel; taking a trip; trekking

4. traffic (noun) traffic

5. commute (verb) commute; jaunt; range; tour; voyage; wander

6. cover (verb) cover; do; pass over; track; traverse

7. go (verb) fare; go; hie; journey; pass; proceed; push on; repair; wend

8. leave earth (verb) leave earth; orbit; rocket

9. see the world (verb) cruise; go on a tour; hit the road; journey; peregrinate; ramble; see the world; take a trip; trek

10. spread (verb) circulate; get about; get around; go around; spread

English-Russian base dictionary > travel
14 pull

pull [pʊl]

fait de tirer ⇒ 1 (a) traction ⇒ 1 (b) résistance ⇒ 1 (c) attrait ⇒ 1 (d) influence ⇒ 1 (e) tirer ⇒ 2 (a)-(c), 3 (a) traîner ⇒ 2 (a) arracher ⇒ 2 (d) se déchirer ⇒ 2 (e) réussir ⇒ 2 (f)

1 noun

(a) (tug, act of pulling)

∎ to give sth a pull, to give a pull on sth tirer (sur) qch;

∎ give it a hard or good pull! tirez fort!;

∎ give it one more pull tire encore un coup;

∎ we'll need a pull to get out of the mud nous aurons besoin que quelqu'un nous remorque ou nous prenne en remorque pour nous désembourber;

∎ with a pull the dog broke free le chien tira sur sa laisse et s'échappa;

∎ she felt a pull at or on her handbag elle a senti qu'on tirait sur son sac à main;

∎ I felt a pull on the fishing line ça mordait

(b) (physical force → of machine) traction f; (→ of sun, moon, magnet) (force f) d'attraction f;

∎ the winch applies a steady pull le treuil exerce une traction continue;

∎ the gravitational pull is stronger on Earth la gravitation est plus forte sur Terre;

∎ we fought against the pull of the current nous luttions contre le courant qui nous entraînait

(c) (resistance → of bowstring) résistance f;

∎ adjust the trigger if the pull is too stiff for you réglez la détente si elle est trop dure pour vous

(d) (psychological, emotional attraction) attrait m;

∎ the pull of city life l'attrait m de la vie en ville;

∎ he resisted the pull of family tradition and went his own way il a résisté à l'influence de la tradition familiale pour suivre son propre chemin

(e) familiar (influence, power) influence^□ f, piston m;

∎ to have a lot of pull avoir le bras long;

∎ he has a lot of pull with the Prime Minister il a beaucoup d'influence sur le Premier ministre;

∎ his money gives him a certain political pull son argent lui confère une certaine influence ou un certain pouvoir politique;

∎ his father's pull got him in son père l'a pistonné

(f) (prolonged effort)

∎ it'll be a long pull to the summit la montée sera longue (et difficile) pour atteindre le sommet;

∎ it will be a hard pull upstream il faudra ramer dur pour remonter le courant;

∎ it's going to be a long uphill pull to make the firm profitable ça sera difficile de remettre l'entreprise à flot

(g) (in rowing → stroke) coup m de rame ou d'aviron;

∎ with another pull he was clear of the rock d'un autre coup de rame, il évita le rocher

(h) (at cigar) bouffée f; (at drink, bottle) gorgée f;

∎ to take a pull at or on one's beer boire ou prendre une gorgée de bière;

∎ to take a pull at or on one's cigarette/pipe tirer sur sa cigarette/pipe

(i) (usu in cpds) (knob, handle) poignée f; (cord) cordon m; (strap) sangle f

(j) (snag → in sweater) accroc m;

∎ my cardigan has a pull in it j'ai fait un accroc à mon cardigan

(k) Typography épreuve f

(l) familiar

∎ to be on the pull (man) chercher à lever une nana; (woman) chercher à lever un mec

2 transitive verb

(a) (object → yank, tug) tirer; (→ drag) traîner; (person) tirer, entraîner;

∎ she pulled my hair elle m'a tiré les cheveux;

∎ to pull the blinds baisser les stores;

∎ to pull the British curtains or

∎ American drapes tirer ou fermer les rideaux;

∎ we pulled the heavy log across to the fire nous avons traîné la lourde bûche jusqu'au feu;

∎ pull the lamp towards you tirez la lampe vers vous;

∎ he pulled his chair closer to the fire il approcha sa chaise de la cheminée;

∎ she pulled the hood over her face elle abaissa le capuchon sur son visage;

∎ he pulled his hat over his eyes il enfonça ou rabattit son chapeau sur ses yeux;

∎ he pulled the steering wheel to the right il a donné un coup de volant à droite;

∎ to pull a drawer open ouvrir un tiroir;

∎ she came in and pulled the door shut behind her elle entra et ferma la porte derrière elle;

∎ pull the rope taut tendez la corde;

∎ pull the knot tight serrez le nœud;

∎ pull the tablecloth straight tendez la nappe;

∎ he pulled the wrapping from the package il arracha l'emballage du paquet;

∎ he pulled the sheets off the bed il enleva les draps du lit;

∎ she pulled her hand from mine elle retira (brusquement) sa main de la mienne;

∎ she pulled the box from his hands elle lui a arraché la boîte des mains;

∎ he was pulling her towards the exit il l'entraînait vers la sortie;

∎ he pulled her closer (to him) il l'a attirée plus près de lui;

∎ the current pulled us into the middle of the river le courant nous a entraînés au milieu de la rivière;

∎ he pulled himself onto the riverbank il se hissa sur la berge;

∎ figurative the sound of the doorbell pulled him out of his daydream le coup de sonnette l'a tiré de ou arraché à ses rêveries;

∎ figurative he was pulled off the first team on l'a écarté ou exclu de la première équipe;

∎ British familiar pull the other one (it's got bells on)! mon œil!, à d'autres!;

∎ to pull to bits or pieces (toy, appliance) démolir, mettre en morceaux; (book, flower) déchirer; figurative (book, play, person) démolir

(b) (operate → lever, handle) tirer;

∎ pull the trigger appuyez ou pressez sur la détente

(c) (tow, draw → load, trailer, carriage, boat) tirer, remorquer;

∎ carts pulled by mules des charrettes tirées par des mules;

∎ a suitcase with wheels that you pull behind you une valise à roulettes qu'on tire ou traîne derrière soi;

∎ the barges were pulled along the canals les péniches étaient halées le long des canaux

(d) (take out → tooth) arracher, extraire; (→ weeds) arracher; (→ weapon) tirer, sortir;

∎ he pulled a dollar bill from his wad/wallet il a tiré un billet d'un dollar de sa liasse/sorti un billet d'un dollar de son portefeuille;

∎ he pulled a gun on me il a braqué un revolver sur moi;

∎ to pull a cork déboucher une bouteille;

∎ to have a tooth pulled se faire arracher une dent;

∎ it was like pulling teeth c'était pénible comme tout;

∎ getting him to talk is like pulling teeth! il faut lui arracher les mots de la bouche!;

∎ familiar can you pull that file for me? pourriez-vous me sortir ce dossier?^□

(e) (strain → muscle, tendon) se déchirer;

∎ she pulled a muscle elle s'est déchiré un muscle, elle s'est fait un claquage;

∎ a pulled muscle un claquage;

∎ my shoulder feels as if I've pulled something j'ai l'impression que je me suis froissé un muscle de l'épaule

(f) familiar (bring off) réussir^□ ;

∎ she has pulled several daring financial coups elle a réussi plusieurs opérations financières audacieuses;

∎ he pulled a big bank job in Italy il a réussi un hold-up de première dans une banque italienne;

∎ to pull a trick on sb jouer un tour à qn^□ ;

∎ what are you trying to pull? qu'est-ce que tu es en train de combiner ou manigancer?^□ ;

∎ don't try and pull anything! n'essayez pas de jouer au plus malin!;

∎ don't ever pull a stunt like that again ne me/nous/ etc refais jamais un tour comme ça^□ ;

∎ to pull a fast one on sb avoir qn, rouler qn;

∎ American I pulled an all-nighter j'ai bossé toute la nuit

(g) (hold back) Horseracing

∎ to pull a horse retenir un cheval;

∎ also figurative to pull one's punches retenir ses coups, ménager son adversaire;

∎ figurative she didn't pull any punches elle n'y est pas allée de main morte

(h) (in golf, tennis → ball) puller;

∎ to pull a shot puller

(i) (in rowing → boat) faire avancer à la rame;

∎ he pulls a good oar c'est un bon rameur;

∎ the boat pulls eight oars c'est un bateau à huit avirons

(j) Typography (proof) tirer

(k) Computing extraire

(l) (gut → fowl) vider

(m) familiar (withdraw) retirer^□ ;

∎ people complained and they had to pull the commercial ils ont dû retirer la pub suite à des plaintes

(n) familiar (attract → customers, spectators) attirer^□ ;

∎ the festival pulled a big crowd le festival a attiré beaucoup de monde;

∎ how many votes will he pull? combien de voix va-t-il récolter?^□

(o) British (serve → draught beer) tirer;

∎ he pulls pints at the Crown il est barman au Crown

(p) familiar (sexual partner) lever, emballer

3 intransitive verb

(a) (exert force, tug) tirer;

∎ pull harder! tirez plus fort!;

∎ to pull on or at a rope tirer sur un cordage;

∎ the bandage may pull when I take it off le pansement risque de vous tirer la peau quand je l'enlèverai;

∎ the steering pulls to the right la direction tire à droite;

∎ Cars the 2-litre model pulls very well le modèle 2 litres a de bonnes reprises;

∎ figurative they're pulling in different directions ils tirent à hue et à dia

(b) (rope, cord)

∎ the rope pulled easily la corde filait librement

(c) (go, move)

∎ pull into the space next to the Mercedes mettez-vous ou garez-vous à côté de la Mercedes;

∎ he pulled into the right-hand lane il a pris la file de droite;

∎ pull into the garage entrez dans le garage;

∎ when the train pulls out of the station quand le train quitte la gare;

∎ she pulled clear of the pack elle s'est détachée du peloton;

∎ he pulled clear of the traffic and sped on il est sorti du flot de la circulation et a accéléré;

∎ he pulled sharply to the left il a viré brutalement sur la gauche;

∎ the lorry pulled slowly up the hill le camion gravissait lentement la côte

(d) (strain, labour → vehicle) peiner; (→ horse) tirer sur le mors;

∎ the engine's pulling le moteur fatigue ou peine

(e) familiar (exert influence, give support)

∎ the head of personnel is pulling for you or on your behalf vous avez le chef du personnel derrière vous^□

(f) (snag → sweater) filer;

∎ my sweater's pulled in a couple of places mon pull a plusieurs mailles filées

(g) (row) ramer;

∎ to pull for shore ramer vers la côte;

∎ to pull with a long stroke ramer à grands coups d'aviron

(h) familiar (find sexual partner)

∎ did you pull last night? t'as levé une nana/un mec hier soir?

►► American pull date date f limite de vente;

Marketing pull strategy stratégie f pull;

pull tab (on can) anneau m, bague f

➲ pull about separable transitive verb

(handle roughly → person) malmener; (→ object) tirer dans tous les sens, tirailler;

∎ stop pulling me about! mais lâche-moi donc!

➲ pull ahead intransitive verb

prendre de l'avance;

∎ to pull ahead of sb prendre de l'avance sur qn

➲ pull along separable transitive verb

(load, vehicle) tirer; (person) entraîner;

∎ he was pulling the suitcase along by the strap il tirait la valise derrière lui par la sangle;

∎ she pulled me along by my arm elle m'entraînait en me tirant par le bras

➲ pull apart

1 separable transitive verb

(a) (take to pieces → machine, furniture) démonter;

∎ now you've pulled it all apart, are you sure you can fix it? maintenant que tu as tout démonté, es-tu sûr de pouvoir le réparer?

(b) (destroy, break → object) mettre en morceaux ou en pièces; (→ clothing) déchirer; (body, flesh) déchiqueter;

∎ the wreck was pulled apart by the waves les vagues ont disloqué l'épave;

∎ tell him where it's hidden or he'll pull the place apart dites-lui où c'est (caché) sinon il va tout saccager

(c) (criticize → essay, performance, theory) démolir; (→ person) éreinter

(d) (separate → fighters, dogs) séparer; (→ papers) détacher, séparer

(e) (make suffer) déchirer

2 intransitive verb

(furniture) se démonter, être démontable;

∎ the shelves simply pull apart les étagères se démontent sans outils

➲ pull around separable transitive verb

(a) (cart, toy, suitcase) tirer derrière soi

(b) (make turn) tourner, faire pivoter;

∎ he pulled the horse around il fit faire demi-tour à son cheval

➲ pull at inseparable transitive verb

(a) (strain at, tug at) tirer sur;

∎ the dog pulled at the leash le chien tira sur la laisse;

∎ we pulled at the rope nous avons tiré sur la corde;

∎ I pulled at his sleeve je l'ai tiré par la manche;

∎ each pulled at an oar chacun tirait sur un aviron;

∎ the wind pulled at her hair le vent faisait voler ses cheveux

(b) (suck → pipe, cigar) tirer sur;

∎ (→ bottle) he pulled at his bottle of beer il a bu une gorgée de bière

➲ pull away

1 separable transitive verb

(withdraw → covering, hand) retirer; (grab) arracher;

∎ she pulled her hand away elle retira ou ôta sa main;

∎ he pulled me away from the window il m'éloigna de la fenêtre;

∎ she pulled the book away from him elle lui arracha le livre

2 intransitive verb

(a) (withdraw → person) s'écarter;

∎ I put out my hand but she pulled away j'ai tendu la main vers elle mais elle s'est détournée;

∎ he had me by the arm but I managed to pull away il me tenait par le bras mais j'ai réussi à me dégager

(b) (move off → vehicle, ship) démarrer; (→ train, convoy) s'ébranler;

∎ the boat pulled away from the bank le bateau quitta la rive;

∎ the train pulled away from the station le train a quitté la gare;

∎ as the train began to pull away alors que le train s'ébranlait

(c) (get ahead → runner, competitor) prendre de l'avance;

∎ she's pulling away from the pack elle prend de l'avance sur le peloton, elle se détache du peloton

➲ pull back

1 separable transitive verb

(a) (draw backwards or towards one) retirer;

∎ he pulled his hand back il retira ou ôta sa main;

∎ she pulled back the curtains elle ouvrit les rideaux;

∎ pull the lever back tirez le levier (vers l'arrière);

∎ he pulled me back from the railing il m'a éloigné de la barrière;

∎ to pull sb/a company back from the brink faire refaire surface à qn/une entreprise, tirer qn/une entreprise d'affaire

(b) (withdraw → troops) retirer

2 intransitive verb

(a) (withdraw → troops, participant) se retirer;

∎ it's too late to pull back now il est trop tard pour se retirer ou pour faire marche arrière maintenant;

∎ they pulled back from committing themselves fully ils ont renoncé à s'engager complètement

(b) (step backwards) reculer;

∎ to pull back involuntarily avoir un mouvement de recul involontaire

(c) (jib → horse, person) regimber

➲ pull down

1 separable transitive verb

(a) (lower → lever, handle) tirer (vers le bas); (→ trousers, veil) baisser; (→ suitcase, book) descendre; (→ blind, window) baisser;

∎ pull the blind/the window down baissez le store/la vitre;

∎ with his hat pulled down over his eyes son chapeau rabattu sur les yeux;

∎ she pulled her skirt down over her knees elle ramena sa jupe sur ses genoux;

∎ I pulled him down onto the chair je l'ai fait asseoir sur la chaise;

∎ he's pulling the whole team down il fait baisser le niveau de toute l'équipe;

∎ my marks in the oral exam will pull me down mes notes à l'oral vont baisser ou descendre ma moyenne

(b) (demolish → house, wall) démolir, abattre;

∎ they're pulling down the whole neighbourhood ils démolissent tout le quartier;

∎ figurative it'll pull down the government ça va renverser le gouvernement

(c) familiar (weaken → of illness) affaiblir^□, abattre^□ ; (depress) déprimer^□, abattre^□

(d) American familiar (earn) gagner^□, se faire

(e) Computing (menu) dérouler

2 intransitive verb

(blind) descendre

➲ pull in

1 separable transitive verb

(a) (line, fishing net) ramener;

∎ they pulled the rope in ils tirèrent la corde à eux;

∎ to pull sb in (into building, car) tirer qn à l'intérieur, faire entrer qn; (into water) faire tomber qn à l'eau

(b) (stomach) rentrer;

∎ to pull oneself in rentrer son ventre

(c) (attract → customers, investors, investment) attirer;

∎ the show's really pulling them in le spectacle attire les foules

(d) familiar (earn → of person) gagner^□, se faire; (→ of business) rapporter^□

(e) familiar (arrest) arrêter^□, embarquer;

∎ they pulled him in for questioning ils l'ont arrêté pour l'interroger

(f) (stop → horse) retenir, tirer les rênes de;

∎ to pull one's car in to the kerb se ranger près du trottoir;

∎ to be pulled in for speeding être arrêté pour excès de vitesse

2 intransitive verb

(vehicle, driver → stop) s'arrêter; (→ park) se garer; (→ move to side of road) se rabattre; (arrive → train) entrer en gare;

∎ I pulled in for petrol je me suis arrêté pour prendre de l'essence;

∎ the car in front pulled in to let me past la voiture devant moi s'est rabattue pour me laisser passer;

∎ pull in here arrête-toi là;

∎ to pull in to the kerb se ranger près du trottoir;

∎ the express pulled in two hours late l'express est arrivé avec deux heures de retard

➲ pull off

1 separable transitive verb

(a) (clothes, boots, ring) enlever, retirer; (cover, bandage, knob, wrapping) enlever; (page from calendar, sticky backing) détacher;

∎ to pull the sheets off the bed retirer ou enlever les draps du lit;

∎ I pulled her hat off je lui ai enlevé son chapeau; (more violently) je lui ai arraché son chapeau

(b) familiar (accomplish → deal, stratagem, mission, shot) réussir^□ ; (→ press conference, negotiations) mener à bien^□ ; (→ plan) réaliser^□ ; (→ prize) décrocher, gagner^□ ;

∎ the deal will be difficult to pull off cette affaire ne sera pas facile à négocier;

∎ will she (manage to) pull it off? est-ce qu'elle va y arriver?;

∎ he pulled it off il a réussi

(c) vulgar (masturbate)

∎ to pull sb off branler qn;

∎ to pull oneself off se branler

2 intransitive verb

(a) (move off) démarrer; (after halt) redémarrer

(b) (stop) s'arrêter; (leave main road) quitter la route;

∎ he pulled off onto a side road il bifurqua sur une petite route;

∎ there's no place to pull off il n'y a pas de place pour s'arrêter

(c) (come off)

∎ the lid simply pulls off il suffit de tirer pour enlever le couvercle;

∎ the top pulls off to reveal… le dessus se retire et on peut voir…

➲ pull on

1 separable transitive verb

(clothes, boots, pillow slip) mettre, enfiler

2 inseparable transitive verb

(a) (tug at → rope, handle etc) tirer sur

(b) (draw on → cigarette, pipe) tirer sur

➲ pull out

1 separable transitive verb

(a) (remove → tooth, hair, weeds) arracher; (→ splinter, nail) enlever; (→ plug, cork) ôter, enlever; (produce → wallet, weapon) sortir, tirer;

∎ she pulled a map out of her bag elle a sorti une carte de son sac;

∎ he pulled a page out of his notebook il a déchiré une feuille de son carnet;

∎ pull the paper gently out of the printer retirez doucement le papier de l'imprimante;

∎ to pull a nail out of a plank arracher un clou d'une planche;

∎ the tractor pulled us out of the mud/ditch le tracteur nous a sortis de la boue/du fossé;

∎ to pull the country out of recession (faire) sortir le pays de la récession;

∎ to pull sb out of a tight spot tirer qn d'un mauvais pas;

∎ familiar to pull out all the stops (to do sth) faire le maximum (pour faire qch)

(b) (draw towards one → drawer, leaf of table, shelf) tirer; (unfold) déplier;

∎ pull the bed out from the wall écartez le lit du mur;

∎ he pulled a chair out from under the table il a écarté une chaise de la table

(c) (withdraw → troops, contestant) retirer;

∎ the battalion was pulled out of the border area le bataillon a été retiré de la région frontalière;

∎ he threatened to pull the party out of the coalition il menaça de retirer le parti de la coalition

(d) Computing (select, produce → data) sortir

2 intransitive verb

(a) (withdraw → troops, ally, participant) se retirer; (→ company from project, buyer) se désister; (→ company from place) quitter une/la région/ville/ etc;

∎ when they pulled out of Vietnam quand ils se sont retirés du Viêt-nam;

∎ she's pulling out of the election elle retire sa candidature;

∎ they've pulled out of the deal ils se sont retirés de l'affaire

(b) (move off → car, ship) démarrer; (→ train, convoy) s'ébranler; (move out to overtake) déboîter;

∎ she was pulling out of the garage elle sortait du garage;

∎ he pulled out to overtake il a déboîté pour doubler;

∎ a truck suddenly pulled out in front of me soudain, un camion m'a coupé la route;

∎ to pull out into traffic s'engager dans la circulation;

∎ Aviation to pull out of a dive sortir d'un piqué, se rétablir

(c) (economy)

∎ to pull out of a recession/a crisis sortir de la récession/d'une crise

(d) (be extendible or detachable → drawer) s'ouvrir; (→ handle) s'allonger; (→ map) se déplier;

∎ the sofa pulls out into a bed le canapé se transforme en lit;

∎ the shelves pull out on peut retirer les étagères;

∎ the table top pulls out c'est une table à rallonges

➲ pull over

1 separable transitive verb

(a) (draw into specified position) tirer, traîner;

∎ pull the chair over to the window amenez la chaise près de la fenêtre;

∎ she pulled the dish over and helped herself elle a tiré le plat vers ou à elle et s'est servie

(b) (make fall → pile, person, table) faire tomber, renverser;

∎ watch out you don't pull that lamp over fais attention de ne pas faire tomber cette lampe

(c) (usu passive) (stop → vehicle, driver) arrêter;

∎ I got pulled over for speeding je me suis fait arrêter pour excès de vitesse

2 intransitive verb

(vehicle, driver → stop) s'arrêter; (→ move to side of road) se ranger, se rabattre;

∎ pull over and let the fire engine past rangez-vous ou rabattez-vous sur le côté et laissez passer les pompiers

➲ pull round British

1 separable transitive verb

(a) = pull around

(b) (revive) ranimer;

∎ a drop of brandy will pull her round un peu de cognac la remettra ou remontera

2 intransitive verb

(regain consciousness) revenir à soi, reprendre connaissance; (recover) se remettre

➲ pull through

1 separable transitive verb

(a) (draw through → rope, thread) faire passer;

∎ pull the needle through to the other side faites sortir l'aiguille de l'autre côté

(b) (help survive or surmount) tirer d'affaire;

∎ he says his faith pulled him through il dit que c'est sa foi qui lui a permis de s'en sortir

2 intransitive verb

(recover) s'en sortir, s'en tirer

➲ pull to separable transitive verb

(shut → door, gate) fermer

➲ pull together

1 separable transitive verb

(a) (place together, join) joindre

(b) (organize → demonstration, rescue team) organiser; (prepare) préparer;

∎ I've pulled together a few suggestions j'ai préparé ou noté quelques propositions

(c) to pull oneself together se reprendre, se ressaisir;

∎ pull yourself together! ressaisissez-vous!, ne vous laissez pas aller!

2 intransitive verb

(a) (on rope) tirer ensemble; (on oars) ramer à l'unisson;

∎ pull together! (in rowing) avant partout!

(b) (combine efforts, cooperate) concentrer ses efforts, agir de concert;

∎ we've all got to pull together on this one il faut que nous nous y mettions tous ensemble, il faut que nous nous attelions tous ensemble à la tâche

➲ pull up

1 separable transitive verb

(a) (draw upwards → trousers, sleeve, blanket, lever) remonter; (→ blind) hausser, lever; (→ skirt) retrousser, relever; (hoist oneself) hisser;

∎ they pulled the boat up onto the beach ils ont tiré le bateau sur la plage;

∎ she pulled herself up onto the ledge elle s'est hissée sur le rebord;

∎ to pull one's socks up tirer ou remonter ses chaussettes; familiar figurative se remuer, s'activer

(b) (move closer → chair) approcher;

∎ I pulled a chair up to the desk j'ai approché une chaise du bureau;

∎ why don't you pull up a chair and join us? prenez donc une chaise et joignez-vous à nous!;

∎ he pulled the crate up to the scales il a traîné la caisse jusqu'à la balance

(c) (uproot → weeds) arracher; (→ bush, stump, tree) arracher, déraciner; (rip up → floorboards) arracher

(d) (stop → person, vehicle, horse) arrêter; (check → person) retenir;

∎ to be pulled up (by the police) se faire arrêter (par un agent);

∎ his warning pulled me up short je me suis arrêté net lorsqu'il m'a crié de faire attention;

∎ he was about to tell them everything but I pulled him up (short) il était sur le point de tout leur dire mais je lui ai coupé la parole

(e) familiar (improve → score, mark) améliorer^□ ; (→ average) remonter^□ ;

∎ his good marks in maths pulled him up again ses bonnes notes en maths ont remonté sa moyenne

(f) British familiar (rebuke) réprimander^□, enguirlander;

∎ he was pulled up for being late il s'est fait enguirlander pour être arrivé en retard;

∎ if your work is sloppy, they'll pull you up on it si ton travail est bâclé, tu vas te faire taper sur les doigts

2 intransitive verb

(a) (stop) s'arrêter;

∎ as I was pulling up at the red light alors que j'allais m'arrêter au feu rouge;

∎ pull up at or outside the main entrance arrêtez-vous devant l'entrée principale;

∎ to pull up short s'arrêter net ou brusquement

(b) familiar (ease up) se détendre^□, se relâcher^□

(c) (draw even) rattraper;

∎ to pull up with sb rattraper qn;

∎ Sun Boy is pulling up on the outside! Sun Boy remonte à l'extérieur!

(d) (improve → student, athlete, performance) s'améliorer

Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > pull
15 Gresley, Sir Herbert Nigel

SUBJECT AREA: Land transport, Railways and locomotives

[br]

b. 19 June 1876 Edinburgh, Scotland

d. 5 April 1941 Hertford, England

[br]

English mechanical engineer, designer of the A4-class 4–6–2 locomotive holding the world speed record for steam traction.

[br]

Gresley was the son of the Rector of Netherseale, Derbyshire; he was educated at Marlborough and by the age of 13 was skilled at making sketches of locomotives. In 1893 he became a pupil of F.W. Webb at Crewe works, London \& North Western Railway, and in 1898 he moved to Horwich works, Lancashire \& Yorkshire Railway, to gain drawing-office experience under J.A.F.Aspinall, subsequently becoming Foreman of the locomotive running sheds at Blackpool. In 1900 he transferred to the carriage and wagon department, and in 1904 he had risen to become its Assistant Superintendent. In 1905 he moved to the Great Northern Railway, becoming Superintendent of its carriage and wagon department at Doncaster under H.A. Ivatt. In 1906 he designed and produced a bogie luggage van with steel underframe, teak body, elliptical roof, bowed ends and buckeye couplings: this became the prototype for East Coast main-line coaches built over the next thirty-five years. In 1911 Gresley succeeded Ivatt as Locomotive, Carriage \& Wagon Superintendent. His first locomotive was a mixed-traffic 2–6–0, his next a 2–8–0 for freight. From 1915 he worked on the design of a 4–6–2 locomotive for express passenger traffic: as with Ivatt's 4 4 2s, the trailing axle would allow the wide firebox needed for Yorkshire coal. He also devised a means by which two sets of valve gear could operate the valves on a three-cylinder locomotive and applied it for the first time on a 2–8–0 built in 1918. The system was complex, but a later simplified form was used on all subsequent Gresley three-cylinder locomotives, including his first 4–6–2 which appeared in 1922. In 1921, Gresley introduced the first British restaurant car with electric cooking facilities.

With the grouping of 1923, the Great Northern Railway was absorbed into the London \& North Eastern Railway and Gresley was appointed Chief Mechanical Engineer. More 4–6– 2s were built, the first British class of such wheel arrangement. Modifications to their valve gear, along lines developed by G.J. Churchward, reduced their coal consumption sufficiently to enable them to run non-stop between London and Edinburgh. So that enginemen might change over en route, some of the locomotives were equipped with corridor tenders from 1928. The design was steadily improved in detail, and by comparison an experimental 4–6–4 with a watertube boiler that Gresley produced in 1929 showed no overall benefit. A successful high-powered 2–8–2 was built in 1934, following the introduction of third-class sleeping cars, to haul 500-ton passenger trains between Edinburgh and Aberdeen.

In 1932 the need to meet increasing road competition had resulted in the end of a long-standing agreement between East Coast and West Coast railways, that train journeys between London and Edinburgh by either route should be scheduled to take 8 1/4 hours. Seeking to accelerate train services, Gresley studied high-speed, diesel-electric railcars in Germany and petrol-electric railcars in France. He considered them for the London \& North Eastern Railway, but a test run by a train hauled by one of his 4–6–2s in 1934, which reached 108 mph (174 km/h), suggested that a steam train could better the railcar proposals while its accommodation would be more comfortable. To celebrate the Silver Jubilee of King George V, a high-speed, streamlined train between London and Newcastle upon Tyne was proposed, the first such train in Britain. An improved 4–6–2, the A4 class, was designed with modifications to ensure free running and an ample reserve of power up hill. Its streamlined outline included a wedge-shaped front which reduced wind resistance and helped to lift the exhaust dear of the cab windows at speed. The first locomotive of the class, named Silver Link, ran at an average speed of 100 mph (161 km/h) for 43 miles (69 km), with a maximum speed of 112 1/2 mph (181 km/h), on a seven-coach test train on 27 September 1935: the locomotive went into service hauling the Silver Jubilee express single-handed (since others of the class had still to be completed) for the first three weeks, a round trip of 536 miles (863 km) daily, much of it at 90 mph (145 km/h), without any mechanical troubles at all. Coaches for the Silver Jubilee had teak-framed, steel-panelled bodies on all-steel, welded underframes; windows were double glazed; and there was a pressure ventilation/heating system. Comparable trains were introduced between London Kings Cross and Edinburgh in 1937 and to Leeds in 1938.

Gresley did not hesitate to incorporate outstanding features from elsewhere into his locomotive designs and was well aware of the work of André Chapelon in France. Four A4s built in 1938 were equipped with Kylchap twin blast-pipes and double chimneys to improve performance still further. The first of these to be completed, no. 4468, Mallard, on 3 July 1938 ran a test train at over 120 mph (193 km/h) for 2 miles (3.2 km) and momentarily achieved 126 mph (203 km/h), the world speed record for steam traction. J.Duddington was the driver and T.Bray the fireman. The use of high-speed trains came to an end with the Second World War. The A4s were then demonstrated to be powerful as well as fast: one was noted hauling a 730-ton, 22-coach train at an average speed exceeding 75 mph (120 km/h) over 30 miles (48 km). The war also halted electrification of the Manchester-Sheffield line, on the 1,500 volt DC overhead system; however, anticipating eventual resumption, Gresley had a prototype main-line Bo-Bo electric locomotive built in 1941. Sadly, Gresley died from a heart attack while still in office.

[br]

Principal Honours and Distinctions

Knighted 1936. President, Institution of Locomotive Engineers 1927 and 1934. President, Institution of Mechanical Engineers 1936.

Further Reading

F.A.S.Brown, 1961, Nigel Gresley, Locomotive Engineer, Ian Allan (full-length biography).

John Bellwood and David Jenkinson, Gresley and Stanier. A Centenary Tribute (a good comparative account).

See also: Bulleid, Oliver Vaughan Snell

PJGR

Biographical history of technology > Gresley, Sir Herbert Nigel
16 air

air [εə^r]

1. noun

   a. air m

• in the open air en plein air

• to go out for a breath of (fresh) air sortir prendre l'air

• to throw sth (up) into the air lancer qch en l'air

• the balloon rose up into the air le ballon s'est élevé (dans les airs)

• seen from the air vu d'en haut

• to be walking on air être aux anges

• to pluck a figure out of the air donner un chiffre au hasard

► by air par avion

► in the air

• there's something in the air il se prépare quelque chose

• it's still all up in the air ce ne sont encore que des projets en l'air

• there's a rumour in the air that... le bruit court que...► off air

• to go off air quitter l'antenne► on air à l'antenne

• he's on air every day il passe tous les jours à la radio

   b. ( = manner) air m

• with an air of superiority d'un air supérieur

• airs and graces minauderies fpl

• to put on airs and graces minauder

2. transitive verb

   a. [+ clothes, bed] aérer

   b. [+ opinions] faire connaître ; [+ idea, proposal] émettre

3. intransitive verb

( = be broadcast) être diffusé

4. compounds

► air ambulance noun avion m sanitaire

► air base noun base f aérienne

► air bed noun (British) matelas m pneumatique

► air brake noun (on truck) frein m à air comprimé

► air bubble noun bulle f d'air

► air-con noun = air conditioning

► air-conditioned adjective climatisé

► air conditioner noun climatiseur m

► air conditioning noun climatisation f

► air-cooled adjective [engine] à refroidissement par air ; (US) (inf) [room] climatisé

► air display noun meeting m aérien

► air force noun armée f de l'air

► air freshener noun désodorisant m

► air hostess noun (British) hôtesse f de l'air

► air letter noun aérogramme m

► air miles plural noun miles mpl

► air pressure noun pression f atmosphérique

► air rage noun comportement agressif de passager(s) dans un avion

► air raid noun raid m aérien

► air-raid shelter noun abri m antiaérien

► air-raid warning noun alerte f (aérienne)

► air rifle noun carabine f à air comprimé

► air-sea rescue noun sauvetage m en mer (par hélicoptère ou avion)

► air show noun ( = trade exhibition) salon m de l'aéronautique ; ( = flying display) meeting m aérien

► air space noun espace m aérien

► air time noun temps m d'antenne

► air traffic control noun contrôle m du trafic aérien

► air traffic controller noun aiguilleur m du ciel

* * *
[eə(r)] 1.
noun

1) ( substance) air m

in the open air — en plein air, au grand air

I need a change of air — j'ai besoin de changer d'air

to come up for air — [swimmer, animal] remonter à la surface pour respirer

to let the air out of something — dégonfler quelque chose

2) (atmosphere, sky) air m

he threw the ball up into the air — il a jeté le ballon en l'air

by air — Postal services par avion

Paris (seen) from the air — Paris vu d'avion

to clear the air — lit [storm] rafraîchir l'air; fig apaiser les esprits

3) Radio, Television

to be/go on the air — [broadcaster, interviewee] être/passer à l'antenne

still on the air — encore en cours de diffusion

off the air, she confided that... — hors antenne, elle a confié que...

to go off the air — [channel] cesser d'émettre

4) ( manner) ( of person) air m; ( aura) ( of place) aspect m, air m

with an air of indifference — d'un air indifférent

an air of mystery surrounds the project — le projet est entouré de mystère

5) Music air m
2.
noun modifier Aviation [ alert, base, corridor] aérien/-ienne; [ pollution, pressure] atmosphérique
3.
transitive verb

1) ( dry) faire sécher; ( freshen) aérer [garment, room, bed]

that shirt hasn't been aired — cette chemise n'est pas complètement sèche

2) ( express) exprimer [opinion, view]

to air one's grievances — exposer ses griefs

••

there was trouble in the air — il y avait de l'orage dans l'air fig

there's a rumour in the air that... — le bruit court que...

to put on airs —

to give oneself airs — péj se donner de grands airs

to be up in the air — fig [plans] être très flou

to be walking on air — être aux anges

to vanish into thin air — se volatiser

English-French dictionary > air
17 sign

1. n признак, примета; свидетельство

a dark cloud is a sign of rain — тёмное облако — признак дождя

tears are a sign of weakness — слёзы — свидетельство слабости

sign of premature ageing — признак преждевременного старения

sign of premature aging — признак преждевременного старения

commemorative sign — признак перенесенной болезни

sign of skin dryness — признак сухости кожи

sign of skin ageing — признак старения кожи

2. n мед. симптом

orbicularis sign — симптом раздельного зажмуренного глаза

thumb sign — симптом большого пальца кисти

doll's eye sign — симптом кукольных глаз

extinction sign — симптом угасания сыпи

obstructive sign — симптом закупорки

3. n знак, обозначение

a sign of the cross — крестное знамение

guide sign — указательный дорожный знак, дорожный указатель

vehicle bridge classification sign — дорожный знак у моста

halt sign ahead sign — дорожный знак «впереди знак «стоп»»

sign control — регулирование по знаку; контроль по знаку

restriction traffic sign — ограничительный дорожный знак

4. n условный знак, значок; символ

the signs used in arithmetic are +, -, ?,: — в арифметике используются знаки +, -, ?,:

in sign of — в знак

plus sign — знак плюс

sign code — код знака

code sign — кодовый знак

number sign — знак числа

5. n эмблема, символ

6. n пароль

sign and countersign — пароль и отзыв

7. n жест, знак

deaf-and-dumb signs — азбука глухонемых

warning sign — предупредительный знак, знак ограждения

sign of rotation — знак вращения; направление вращения

sign posting — установка дорожных знаков и указателей

sign off — радио, подавать знак окончания передачи

direction sign — дорожный знак, дорожный указатель

8. n сигнал

to give a sign — подать сигнал

radio call, call sign — радио позывной сигнал

9. n возвыш. знамение, предзнаменование

signs of the times — знамение времени

predictive sign — знамение

a sign of the time — знамение времени

sign of the cross — крестное знамение

10. n астр. знак зодиака

peace sign — «знак мира»

minus sign — знак "минус"

radical sign — знак корня

road sign — дорожный знак

sign post — дорожный знак

11. n вывеска; объявление; указатель

traffic sign — дорожный знак

advance direction sign — указатель направления движения

mark sign — предупредительный знак; указатель

destination sign — указатель маршрута

electric sign — светящаяся вывеска

mine marker sign — указатель мины

12. n амер. охот. след

13. n юр. подпись

sign manual — собственноручная подпись

14. v подписывать

to sign a letter — подписать письмо

sign up a merchant — подписывать контракт с фирмой-акцептантом

15. v подписываться

to sign in full — подписываться полным именем

sign up the merchant — подписывать контракт с фирмой-акцептантом

16. v подавать знак; выражать жестом

to sign assent — выразить жестом согласие

compulsory sign — запрещающий знак

positive sign — положительный знак

sign of approval — знак одобрения

summation sign — знак суммирования

algebraic sign — алгебраический знак

17. v отмечать, помечать; ставить знак

accent sign — знак акцента

dollar sign — знак доллара

negative sign — знак минус

route sign — дорожный знак

sign board — дорожный знак

18. v перекрестить, осенить крестным знамением

to make the sign of the cross — перекреститься, осенить себя крестом

Синонимический ряд:

1. billboard (noun) billboard; bulletin; placard

2. evidence (noun) character; evidence; index; indicator; mark; signification; stamp; symptom; witness

3. indication (noun) clue; countersign; foretoken; hint; indication; indicia; manifestation; reminder; significant; suggestion; trace

4. motion (noun) cue; expression; gesticulation; gesture; high sign; motion; signal; token

5. prediction (noun) augury; divination; foreboding; foreshadowing; omen; portent; prediction; premonition; presage; prognostic; warning

6. symbol (noun) abbreviation; auspice; badge; beacon; caution; character; emblem; flag; symbol

7. bless (verb) bless; consecrate; dignify; hallow; ordain

8. endorse (verb) acknowledge; approve; autograph; confirm; endorse; initial; ink; inscribe; signature; subscribe; undersign

9. hire (verb) contract; employ; engage; hire

10. indicate (verb) betoken; express; indicate; mean; signify; wave

11. signal (verb) flag; gesticulate; gesture; motion; signal; signalize

English-Russian base dictionary > sign
18 air

air [eə(r)]

1 noun

(a) (gen) air m;

∎ I need some (fresh) air j'ai besoin de prendre l'air;

∎ I went out for a breath of (fresh) air je suis sorti prendre l'air;

∎ literary to take the air prendre le frais;

∎ the divers came up for air les plongeurs sont remontés à la surface pour respirer;

∎ figurative I need a change of air j'ai besoin de changer d'air;

∎ to disappear or vanish into thin air se volatiliser, disparaître sans laisser de traces

(b) (sky) air m, ciel m;

∎ the smoke rose into the air la fumée s'éleva vers le ciel;

∎ to throw sth up into the air lancer qch en l'air;

∎ to fly through the air voler ou voltiger en l'air;

∎ seen from the air, the fields looked like a chessboard vus d'avion, les champs ressemblaient à un échiquier;

∎ to take to the air (bird) s'envoler; (plane) décoller

(c) Aviation

∎ to travel by air voyager par avion;

∎ mail that is sent by air le courrier (envoyé) par avion

(d) Radio & Television

∎ to be on (the) air (person) être à ou avoir l'antenne; (programme) être à l'antenne; (station) émettre;

∎ to go on the air (person) passer à l'antenne; (programme) passer à l'antenne, être diffusé;

∎ you're on the air vous avez l'antenne;

∎ to go off the air (person) rendre l'antenne; (programme) se terminer; (station) cesser d'émettre;

∎ the station goes off the air at midnight les programmes finissent à minuit

(e) (manner, expression) air m;

∎ he has an air about him il en impose;

∎ there is an air of mystery about her elle a un air mystérieux;

∎ with a triumphant air d'un air triomphant;

∎ she smiled with a knowing air elle sourit d'un air entendu

(f) Music air m

2 compound-forming noun

Aviation & Military (piracy, traffic, attack, defence) aérien; (travel, traveller) par avion

3 transitive verb

(a) (ventilate → room, bed) aérer; (dry → linen) faire sécher

(b) (express → opinion, grievance) exprimer, faire connaître; (→ suggestion, idea) exprimer, avancer

(c) American Radio & Television diffuser

4 intransitive verb

American Radio & Television

∎ the film airs next week le film sera diffusé la semaine prochaine

5 airs plural noun

∎ to put on or to give oneself airs se donner de grands airs;

∎ British airs and graces minauderies fpl

6 in the air adverb

∎ there's a rumour in the air that they're going to sell le bruit court qu'ils vont vendre;

∎ there's something in the air il se trame quelque chose;

∎ everything's up in the air (uncertain) rien n'a été décidé pour l'instant;

∎ our holiday plans are still (up) in the air nos projets de vacances sont encore assez vagues;

∎ the project is still very much (up) in the air le projet n'est encore qu'à l'état d'ébauche ou est encore vague

►► air alert alerte f aérienne;

air ambulance avion m sanitaire;

air bladder vessie f natatoire;

Building industry air brick brique f creuse;

air bubble (in wallpaper, liquid) bulle f d'air; (in plastic, metal) soufflure f;

air cargo fret m aérien;

Technology air chamber chambre f à air;

British Military air chief marshal ≃ général m d'armée aérienne;

British Military air commodore ≃ général m de brigade aérienne, French Canadian ≃ brigadier-général m;

air compressor compresseur m d'air;

Aviation air corridor couloir m aérien;

Military & Aviation air cover couverture f aérienne;

Meteorology air current courant m atmosphérique;

Technology air curtain store m d'air (chaud ou froid);

air cushion (gen) coussin m pneumatique; Technology coussin m ou matelas m d'air;

Technology air cylinder cylindre m à air comprimé;

Technology air duct conduite f d'air, amenée f d'air;

Aviation air ferry avion m transbordeur;

air filter filtre m à air;

Aviation air freighter avion-cargo m;

Chemistry air freshener désodorisant m (pour la maison);

Technology air gauge micromètre m pneumatique;

air hostess hôtesse f de l'air;

Aviation air lane couloir m aérien ou de navigation aérienne;

Aviation air letter aérogramme m;

Aviation air link liaison f aérienne;

British Military air marshal ≃ général m de corps aérien, French Canadian & Belgian ≃ lieutenant-général m;

Meteorology air mass masse f d'air;

air mattress matelas m pneumatique;

Aviation air mile mille m marin;

air miles = points que l'on peut accumuler lors de certains achats et qui permettent de bénéficier de réductions sur des billets d'avion;

∎ to collect air miles accumuler des points;

History Air Ministry ≃ Ministère m de l'Air;

Aviation air miss quasicollision f (aérienne);

Technology air passage conduit m aérifère;

Technology air pistol pistolet m à air comprimé;

Botany air plant plante f aéricole, (plante f) épiphyte m;

air pocket Meteorology & Aviation (affecting plane) trou m d'air; Technology (in pipe) poche f d'air;

Ecology air pollution pollution f atmosphérique;

Military & Aviation air power puissance f aérienne;

Meteorology & Technology air pressure pression f atmosphérique;

Technology air pressure gauge manomètre m;

Technology air pump compresseur m, pompe f à air;

Meteorology Air Quality Index indice m de pollution de l'air;

Aviation air rage = comportement agressif de certains passagers d'avion;

Military air raid attaque f aérienne, raid m aérien;

Technology air rifle carabine f à air comprimé;

Aviation air route route f aérienne;

Aviation air service liaison f aérienne;

Golf air shot air-shot m;

air show Commerce (exhibition) salon m de l'aéronautique; Aviation (display) meeting m aérien;

Astrology air sign signe m d'air;

air speed vitesse f du vol;

Military air supremacy suprématie f aérienne;

Aviation air tanker avitailleur m;

Aviation air taxi avion-taxi m;

Meteorology air temperature température f ambiante;

Aviation air terminal aérogare f;

Aviation air ticket billet m d'avion;

Aviation air traffic circulation f aérienne, trafic m aérien;

Aviation air transport transport m aérien ou par avion;

Aviation air travel voyages mpl en avion;

air travel organiser organisateur m de voyages par avion;

Technology air valve soupape f (pour l'air);

British Military air vice-marshal ≃ général m de division aérienne, French Canadian ≃ major-général m, Belgian ≃ général-major;

Military air war guerre f aérienne;

Commerce air waybill lettre f de transport aérien, connaissement m aérien

Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > air
19 Churchward, George Jackson

SUBJECT AREA: Land transport, Railways and locomotives

[br]

b. 31 January 1857 Stoke Gabriel, Devon, England

d. 19 December 1933 Swindon, Wiltshire, England

[br]

English mechanical engineer who developed for the Great Western Railway a range of steam locomotives of the most advanced design of its time.

[br]

Churchward was articled to the Locomotive Superintendent of the South Devon Railway in 1873, and when the South Devon was absorbed by the Great Western Railway in 1876 he moved to the latter's Swindon works. There he rose by successive promotions to become Works Manager in 1896, and in 1897 Chief Assistant to William Dean, who was Locomotive Carriage and Wagon Superintendent, in which capacity Churchward was allowed extensive freedom of action. Churchward eventually succeeded Dean in 1902: his title changed to Chief Mechanical Engineer in 1916.

In locomotive design, Churchward adopted the flat-topped firebox invented by A.J.Belpaire of the Belgian State Railways and added a tapered barrel to improve circulation of water between the barrel and the firebox legs. He designed valves with a longer stroke and a greater lap than usual, to achieve full opening to exhaust. Passenger-train weights had been increasing rapidly, and Churchward produced his first 4–6– 0 express locomotive in 1902. However, he was still developing the details—he had a flair for selecting good engineering practices—and to aid his development work Churchward installed at Swindon in 1904 a stationary testing plant for locomotives. This was the first of its kind in Britain and was based on the work of Professor W.F.M.Goss, who had installed the first such plant at Purdue University, USA, in 1891. For comparison with his own locomotives Churchward obtained from France three 4–4–2 compound locomotives of the type developed by A. de Glehn and G. du Bousquet. He decided against compounding, but he did perpetuate many of the details of the French locomotives, notably the divided drive between the first and second pairs of driving wheels, when he introduced his four-cylinder 4–6–0 (the Star class) in 1907. He built a lone 4–6–2, the Great Bear, in 1908: the wheel arrangement enabled it to have a wide firebox, but the type was not perpetuated because Welsh coal suited narrow grates and 4–6–0 locomotives were adequate for the traffic. After Churchward retired in 1921 his successor, C.B.Collett, was to enlarge the Star class into the Castle class and then the King class, both 4–6–0s, which lasted almost as long as steam locomotives survived in service. In Church ward's time, however, the Great Western Railway was the first in Britain to adopt six-coupled locomotives on a large scale for passenger trains in place of four-coupled locomotives. The 4–6–0 classes, however, were but the most celebrated of a whole range of standard locomotives of advanced design for all types of traffic and shared between them many standardized components, particularly boilers, cylinders and valve gear.

[br]

Further Reading

H.C.B.Rogers, 1975, G.J.Churchward. A Locomotive Biography, London: George Allen \& Unwin (a full-length account of Churchward and his locomotives, and their influence on subsequent locomotive development).

C.Hamilton Ellis, 1958, Twenty Locomotive Men, Shepperton: Ian Allan, Ch. 20 (a good brief account).

Sir William Stanier, 1955, "George Jackson Churchward", Transactions of the Newcomen

Society 30 (a unique insight into Churchward and his work, from the informed viewpoint of his former subordinate who had risen to become Chief Mechanical Engineer of the London, Midland \& Scottish Railway).

See also: Gresley, Sir Herbert Nigel; Stanier, Sir William Arthur

PJGR

Biographical history of technology > Churchward, George Jackson
20 revenue

revenue n
доход
average revenue load
средняя коммерческая загрузка
average revenue rate
средняя доходная ставка
contract revenue
доход по контракту
express revenue
доход от перевозки срочных грузов
freight revenue
доход от перевозки грузов
operating revenue
доход от эксплуатации
passenger revenue
доход от перевозки пассажиров
revenue earning flight
коммерческий рейс
revenue load
коммерческая загрузка
revenue load factor
коэффициент полезной загрузки
revenue per traffic unit
доход на единицу воздушной перевозки
revenue rate
доходная ставка
revenues prorating
пропорциональное распределение доходов
revenue stop
остановка с коммерческими целями
revenue traffic
коммерческие воздушные перевозки
revenue yield
уровень доходов

English-Russian aviation dictionary > revenue

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